Audio circuitry is also coupled to the electrostatic speaker (16) for providing an audio signal to the electrostatic speaker.

Each of the speakers (21, 31) is a flat electrostatic speaker, the movable bodies of the speakers (21, 31) being formed from elastomer.

The load can provide a visual and/ or auditory output, and can include an electroluminescent display, an e-ink display, a piezo speaker coil, an electrostatic speaker, an OLED, an LED or an LCD display.

The invention provides for improved directivity and efficiency in an electrostatic speaker and further provides greater linearity without breakup or translational losses over moving coil loudspekers.

At least one electrostatic speaker (16) sized to be smaller than the housing, is incorporated within the housing structure for audio output to the environment.

An electrostatic loudspeaker (20) having stators (24) that comprise a grid of stator elements (30).

An electrostatic loudspeaker (20) in which the edges (80) of a stator frame (28a) to which the diaphragm (26) of the loudspeaker is attached are shaped to provide recesses (82).

The present invention concerns an electrostatic loudspeaker in which the membranes and stators have charges of the same polarity.

An electrostatic loudspeaker (22) which includes sectioned stators (26) with each stator section (26a, 26b, 26c) having a diaphragm (28).

An electrostatic loudspeaker comprises a multi-layer panel (1) incorporating an electrically insulating middle layer (2) sandwiched between first and second electrically conducting outer layers (3, 4).